Prophet Muhammad (PBUH&HF)

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Name: Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim
Father: Abd Allāh ibn Abd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim
Mother: Aminah bint Wahb
Kunniyat (Patronymic): Abū al-Qāsim
Laqab (Title): Mahmud (the Most Highly Praised), Sadiq (the Truthful) and many more.
Birth: Muhammad (pbuh&hf) was born at Makkah in the year 570 AC.
Martyrdom: 28th of Safar in the year 50 A.H. He was buried in the in Madina.

Lineage
The oldest and noblest tribe in the whole of Arabia was Banu Hashim. They were the descendants of Ibrahim through his son Isma"il. The Arabs respected and loved them for their goodness, knowledge and bravery. 

Abdal-Muttalib

Abd al-Muttalib was the chieftain of Banu Hashim and he was also the Guardian of the Ka"bah. Among his ten sons, "Abdullah was the father of the Holy Prophet. In Mecca, baby boy Muhammad (pbuh&hf) was born on 17th Rabi" al-Awwal, 570 AD.His father "Abdullah, son of "Abd al-Muttalib, died before he was born and when he was six, he lost his loving mother Aminah bint Wahab. His Grandfather, "Abd al-Muttalib, took the responsibility of bringing up the orphan. At the age of ten, he was berefted of his venerable grandfather. On his deathbed, he appointed his son Abu Talib as the guardian of Muhammad (pbuh&hf) .Gentle, soft spoken, tall and handsome boy, Muhammad (pbuh&hf) , accompanied the trading caravans of Abu Talib, across the deserts, giving him deep insight into nature and man. 

Khadijah(A.S)

The wealthy noble lady Khadijah, looking for a manager for her rich merchantile caravans, selects Muhammad (pbuh&hf) , the Trustee. Able and fair dealing, Muhammad (pbuh&hf) is a tremendous success. Khadijah already an admirer, made him an offer of marriage. The marriage proved to be a very happy one. 

THE PROPHET

Muhammad (pbuh&hf) very often retired to Mount Hira" for meditations. One night, Laylat al-Qadr (the Night of Majesty) a voice addressing him, commanded "Recite in the name of thy Lord. After an interval, the voice from heaven spoke again "O thou shrouded in thy mantle, arise, and warn, and magnify thy Lord." This was a signal for him to start preaching the gospel of truth of One God. In the beginning Muhammad (pbuh&hf) invited only those near him, to accept the new Faith. The first to embrace Islam among women was Khadijah and among men was Ali(a.s.). Soon after, Zayd ibn al-Harithah became a convert to the new Faith. For three long years, he laboured quietly to wean his people from the worship of idols and drew only thirty followers. Muhammad (pbuh&hf) then decided to appeal publicly to the Quraysh to give up idol worship and embrace Islam. Faith, is simple without complications, practical and useful for everyday life. It commands to believe and do good, keep up prayer and pay the poor-rate, two orders giving four principles of a successful way of life. Almost ten years of hard work and preaching, in spite of all persecution, produced over a hundred followers, physical cruelties and social boycott made life unbearable in Mecca. The Holy Prophet of Islam advised his followers, to seek refuge in the neighbouring country of Ethiopia. Eighty eight men and eighteen women sailed to the hospitable shores of the Negus, under the leadership of Ja"far at-Tayyar (brother of Ali(a.s.)) and the cousin of the Holy Prophet. several times the chieftains came to Abu Talib saying, "We respect your age and rank, but we have no further patience with your nephew. Stop him or we shall fight you." Abu Talib asked Muhammad (pbuh&hf) for his decision, the Apostle firmly replied, "O my uncle! If they place the sun on my right hand and the moon on my left, to force me to renounce my mission, I will not desist until God manifests His cause or I perish in the attempt." 

Tragedies

In a period of troubles, trials and tribulations two major tragedies afflicted Muhammad (pbuh&hf) . First the venerable guardian uncle Abu Talib died and shortly afterwards his noble wife Khadijah died, leaving behind her daughter Fatimah (peace be on her) - the only child she had from the Holy Prophet  the daughter who looked after her father so much so that the prophet called her Umm Abiha (the mother of her father). 

Muslim Era

With the death of the old patriarch Abu Talib, the Meccans planned to assassinate the prophet. Under Divine guidance, he asked "Ali to sleep in his bed and Muhammad (pbuh&hf) put his green garment on "Ali. While the murderes mistook "Ali for Muhammad (pbuh&hf) , the Holy Prophet of Islam migrated to Medina. The Muslim era of Hijrah (Emigration) is named after this incident and dated from 17th Rabi" al-Awwwal, 622 AD. From the time he came to Medina, he was the grandest figure upon whom the light of history has ever shone. We shall now see him as the King of men, the ruler of human hearts, chief law-giver and supreme judge.The Preacher who went without bread, was mightier than the mightiest sovereigns of the earth. No emperor with his tiaras was obeyed, as this man in a cloak of his own clothing. He laid the foundation of the Muslim commonwealth and drew up a charter which has been acknowledged as the work of highest statesmanship, a master-mind not only of his age, but of all ages. Unlike the Arabs, the Prophet, had never wielded a weapon, but now he was forced to defend Islam from the attacking armies. Commencing from the battle of Badr, a series of eighty battles had to be fought, which the infant community defended successfully. 

Uhud

Next year, Abu Sufyan, the famous long-lived enemy of Islam, again attacked the Muslims at Uhud. Hamzah, the first flag-bearer of Islam and uncle of the Prophet, was killed in action. In spite of strict instructions from the Prophet, a few Muslim soldiers deserted their post,when victory was in sight. This changed the course of the battle. Khalid ibn al-Walid attacked the Prophet and the grave situation was saved by the timely arrival of Ali(a.s.). The enemies ran away and the issue was decided. Muhammad (pbuh&hf) was deeply grieved at the death of Hamzah. 

Hudaybiyyah 

The Muslims had been in self exile for six years and began to feel a keen yearning for their homeland, Mecca. The Prophet desired to perform a pilgrimage to Ka"bah. When he forsook his home town he was weak, but when he wanted to return, he was strong. He did not use his strength to force an entry into the sacred city. Finding the Quraysh hostile, Muhammad (pbuh&hf) entered into a treaty Known as the Peace of Hudaybiyyah, appearing not very advantageous to the Muslims, but which revealed the Islamic character of moderation and magnanimity. For the strong to excercise restraint and toleration is true courage. Having reached upto the door of their birth place with hearts over-flowing with impatient longing to enter it, the Muslims retraced their steps peacefully to Medina, under the terms of the treaty, which allowed them to perform the pilgrimage next year. 

Mecca

In The 8th year AH, the idolators violated the peace of Hudaybiyyah by attacking the Muslims. The enemies were defeated and Mecca was conquered without sheding a drop of blood. The Prophet who fled from Mecca, now returned home as a mighty conqueror. The Rahmatun lil "Alamin (mercy unto all beings, i.e. the Prophet) entered the city with his head bowed low in thankfulness to the Almighty (Allah) and ordered a general amnesty, instead of the mass massacre of those who persecuted him and his followers.

Wives

Prophet (pbuh&hf) took up a trading job with one of the noblest Quraishite women, Khadija bint Khuwailid. He accepted to work for Khadija and was entrusted with some money, with which he busied himself in commerce. He again travelled to Syria and made great profits for Khadija during the trip. Naturally Khadija was pleased and soon came to admire Muhammad's (S) intelligence and honesty. Eventually she offered her hand in marriage which was accepted by him. Muhammad (S) thus married Khadija and they lived a harmonious life full of love, co-operation and sincerity, sharing each other's joys and sorrows. As long as Khadija bint Khuwailid was alive the Prophet never took a second wife and even in later years of his life after numerous marriages, he used to cherish her loving memory and refer to her as the most beloved of his spouses. She endured with him hunger, poverty and calamities inflicted by the Makkan polytheists. She bore Muhammad (S) many children, all of whom except for Fatima (a) died in infancy, including son Qasim from whom the Prophet's kunya (agnomen) 'Abul Qasim' is derived. After the demise of Khadija bint Khuwailid Muhammad (pbuh&hf) married widows and set an example for his followers to do likewise. 

Last Pilgrimage

Under the Divine intuition of his approaching end, Muhammad (pbuh&hf) prepared to make the farewell pilgrimage to Mecca.Before completing all the ceremonies of Hajj, he addressed a huge multitude from the top of mount "Arafat on 8th Dhi al-hijjah, 11 AH,in words which shall ever ring and live in the atmosphere. After finishing the hajj the Holy Prophet started for Medina. On his way, at Ghadir Khumm the Voice from Heaven cried: "O Apostle! deliver what has been revealed to you from your Lord; and if you do it not, then you have not delivered His message and Allah will protect you from the people, surely Allah will not guide the unbelieving people. (5:67) Muhammad (pbuh&hf) immediately ordered Bilal to recall the Muslims, who had gone ahead,who were behind and who were proceeding to their homes at the junction, to assemble. The famous Sunni mutakallim and commentator, Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi in his At-Tafsir al-Kabir, vol. 12, pp. 49-50, writes that the Prophet took "Ali by the hand and said: "Whoever whose mawla (master) I am, "Ali is his master. O Allah! Love him who loves "Ali, and be the enemy of the enemy of "Ali; help him who helps "Ali, and forsake him who forsakes "Ali." 

Departure From This Trivial World

On Muhammad (pbuh&hf) "s return to Medina, he got busy settling the organization of the provinces and the tribes which had adopted Islam. it was two months after returning from the last pilgrimage, the life dedicated to the service of God and humanity from first to last ended on 28th Safar 11 AH. The Prophet of Islam not only inspired reverence, but love owing to his humility, nobility, purity, austerity, refinement and devotion to duty. The Master inspired all who came into contact with him. He shared his scanty food; he began his meals in the Name of Allah and finished them uttering thanks; he loved the poor and respected them; he would visit the sick and comfort the heart broken; he treated his bitterest enemies with clemency and forbearance, but the offenders against society were administered justice; his intellectual mind was remarkably progressive and he said that man could not exist without contant efforts. There is no god but Allah and Muhammad (pbuh&hf) is the Apostle of God, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him and his descendants.

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